ArtificialIntelligence Notes

What is Artificial Intelligence?

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

Philosophy of AI

While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”

Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in humans.

Goals of AI

·         To Create Expert Systems: The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.

·         To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines: Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.

What Contributes to AI?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.

Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an intelligent system.

Programming Without and With AI

The programming without and with AI is different in following ways:

Programming Without AI			Programming With AI
A  computer  program  without	AI	can	A computer program with AI can answer the
answer the specific questions it is meant
			generic questions it is meant to solve.
to solve.
			AI programs can absorb new modifications by
Modification  in  the  program	leads	to	putting   highly   independent   pieces   of
			information together. Hence you can modify
change in its structure.
			even a minute piece of information of program
			without affecting its structure.
Modification is not quick and easy. It may			Quick and Easy program modification.
lead to affecting the program adversely.

What is AI Technique?

In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties:

·         Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.

·         It is not well-organized or well-formatted.

·         It keeps changing constantly.

AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that:

·         It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.

·         It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.

·         It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.

AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.

Applications of AI

AI has been dominant in various fields such as:

·         Gaming

AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.

·         Natural Language Processing

It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken by humans.

·         Expert Systems

There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.

·         Vision Systems

These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer. For example,

o A spying aeroplane takes photographs which are used to figure out spatial information or map of the areas.

o  Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.

o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made by forensic artist.

·         Speech Recognition

Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

·         Handwriting Recognition

The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.

·         Intelligent Robots

Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

History of AI

Here is the history of AI during 20^th century:

Year		Milestone / Innovation
1923		Karel Čapek’s play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in London,
		first use of the word "robot" in English.
1943		Foundations for neural networks laid.
1945
		Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.
		Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and published
1950		Computing  Machinery  and  Intelligence.  Claude Shannon  published  Detailed
		Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.
1956		John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of the first
		running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.
1958		John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.
1964		Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand
		natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.
1965		Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that carries on
		a dialogue in English.
1969		Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot, equipped
		with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.

1973	The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the Famous
	Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble models.
1979	The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.
1985	Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.
	Major advances in all areas of AI:
	·  Significant demonstrations in machine learning
	·  Case-based reasoning
	·  Multi-agent planning
1990	·	Scheduling
	·  Data mining, Web Crawler
	·  natural language understanding and translation
	·	Vision, Virtual Reality
	·	Games
1997	The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry
	Kasparov.
	Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a
2000	robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores remote
	regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.

What is Intelligence?

The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.

Types of Intelligence

As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, the Intelligence comes in multifold:

Intelligence	Description		Example
Linguistic	The ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms
	of phonology (speech sounds), syntax (grammar),		Narrators, Orators
intelligence
	and semantics (meaning).
	The  ability  to  create,	communicate  with,  and	Musicians,
Musical intelligence	understand meanings made of sound, understanding		Singers,
	of pitch, rhythm.		Composers
Logical-	The ability of use and understand relationships in the		Mathematicians,
mathematical	absence of action or objects. Understanding complex		Scientists
intelligence	and abstract ideas.
	The ability to perceive visual or spatial information,		Map	readers,
Spatial intelligence	change  it,  and  re-create  visual  images  without		Astronauts,
	reference to the objects,	construct 3D images, and
	to move and rotate them.		Physicists
Bodily-Kinesthetic	The ability to use complete or part of the body to
	solve problems or fashion products, control over fine		Players, Dancers
intelligence
	and coarse motor skills, and manipulate the objects.
Intra-personal	The ability to distinguish among one’s own feelings,		Gautam Buddha
intelligence	intentions, and motivations.

Interpersonal	The ability to recognize and make distinctions among	Mass
		Communicators,
intelligence	other people’s feelings, beliefs, and intentions.	Interviewers

You can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at least one and at most all intelligences in it.

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